Driving Change: Motivations and Barriers to Electric Vehicle Adoption

Abstract

Washington state aims for 100% passenger zero-emission vehicles (ZEVs) on the road by 2035, yet consumer adoption remains slow and public confidence in this goal is low. This research explored how residents make vehicle-purchase decisions, their sentiment toward EVs, and the adequacy of current EV infrastructure. A statewide survey revealed weak correlations between individual demographics and EV adoption likelihood, while highlighting key barriers such as high upfront costs, limited charging infrastructure, and concerns over total ownership costs and environmental impacts. Existing infrastructure data indicates significant expansion is required to support projected EV growth. Based on quantitative and qualitative findings, three recommendation areas emerged: policy measures to incentivize adoption or reassess the ZEV timeline; environmental strategies focused on battery recycling and grid modernization; and technological improvements in charging access, vehicle capabilities, and infrastructure resilience. These efforts must be implemented in parallel to meaningfully accelerate EV adoption and move toward Washington’s 2035 ZEV target.